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N-Methylformamide(NMF) CAS: 123-39-7
N-Methylformamide(NMF) CAS: 123-39-7
N-methylformamide saafi ah waa dareere aan midab lahayn, hufan oo aan lahayn midab, mp-3.8℃, bp198℃, n25D 1.4310, cufnaanta qaraabada ah 0.9986 (25℃), oo ku milma biyo, sidoo kale wuu milmi karaa cusbada aan dabiiciga ahayn, waana mid hygroscopic ah. Si fudud ayuu ugu burburaa xalalka aashitada ama alkaline.
N-methylformamide waa walax muhiim ah oo dabiici ah oo ceeriin ah. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa isku-darka sunta cayayaanka, sunta cayayaanka iyo acaricides monoformamidine iyo diformamidine. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa soo saarista daawada, maqaarka macmalka ah, maqaarka macmalka ah, iyo dareeraha dharka kiimikada ee fiber-ka.
Habka wax soo saarka 1. Habka Methylamine waxaa lagu soo saaraa falgalka methylamine iyo carbon monoxide. 2. Habka Methyl formate waxaa lagu helaa falgalka methyl formate iyo methylamine. 3. Waxaa laga helaa falgalka ethyl formate iyo methylamine. Ku dar ethyl formate falgalka, ku dar xalka biyaha methylamine marka la qaboojinayo, oo dib ugu celi falgalka 40°C. Kadib waxaa la daayay 3 maalmood, ethanol-na waxaa lagu soo celiyay cadaadis yar si loo helo badeecad cayriin ah. Badeecada dhammaatay waxaa lagu helaa iyadoo la miiro iyadoo cadaadis yar la saarayo.
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3-Dimethylaminopropylamine CAS: 109-55-7
Diamine waa nooc muhiim ah oo walxo kiimiko ah oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo walxo cayriin ah, dhexdhexaadin ama badeecooyin. Tusaale ahaan, diamine waa qayb muhiim ah oo qaab-dhismeed ah oo ku jirta isku-darka polyamide iyo falgallada kale ee isku-dhafka ah ee isku-dhafka ah. N,N-dimethyl-1Chemicalbook,3-diaminopropane (DMAPA) waa mid muhiim ah, oo loo isticmaalo tusaale ahaan diyaarinta warshadaha ee saliidaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, DMAPA waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii walxo cayriin ah oo loogu talagalay diyaarinta isku-dhafka ah lafteedana waa inay lahaataa sifooyin ka hortagga daxalka.
Waa dareere aan midab lahayn. Waa ku milmi kara biyaha iyo dareerayaasha dabiiciga ah. Si ballaaran ayaa loogu isticmaalaa soo saarista walxaha qurxinta ceeriin, sida palmitamide dimethylpropylamine, cocamidopropyl betaine, saliidda mink amidopropylamine, iwm.
Iyadoo la isticmaalayo dimethylaminopropionitrile [1738-25-6] oo ah walxo cayriin ah, hydrogenation iyo methanol ayaa lagu daraa iyadoo la joogo Ni-Al catalyst, ka dibna la sifeeyo oo la miiro si loo helo badeecada dhammaatay ee 3-dimethylaminopropylamine. Nadiifnimada badeecada la helay waxay gaari kartaa in ka badan 99%, tan kasta oo badeecad ahna waxay isticmaashaa 1150kg oo dimethylaminopropionitrile ah. -
2-(N-Ethyl-m-toluidino)ethanol CAS: 91-88-3
N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethyl m-toluidine (2-(Ethyl(m-tolyl)amino)ethanol) waa dareere huruud khafiif ah leh iyo mid dhexdhexaad ah oo midab leh. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo saaro midabyada cationic, sida cationic cas 6B. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sidii walxo cayriin ah oo loogu talagalay soo saarista soosaarayaasha midabka iyo daawooyinka.
Isticmaalka: 1. Dhexdhexaadinta rinjiga.
Marka labaad, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo saaro midabyo cationic ah, sida cationic red 6B.
3. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii agab ceeriin ah oo loogu talagalay soo saarista soosaarayaasha midabka iyo daawooyinka.
habka wax soo saarka
1. Habka m-toluidine
Waxaa laga soo diyaariyay m-toluidine iyo ethyl iodide iyadoo ah walxo cayriin ah.
Laba, habka N-ethyl m-toluidine
Waxaa lagu diyaariyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo N-ethyl m-toluidine oo ah walxo cayriin ah iyo iyadoo lala falgalo chloroethanol (ama ethylene oxide).
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N,N-Dimethylformamide CAS 68-12-2
Dimethylformamide waa dareere aan midab lahayn oo hufan. Ma aha oo kaliya walxo kiimiko ceeriin ah oo si weyn loo isticmaalo, laakiin sidoo kale waa dareere aad u fiican oo leh isticmaallo kala duwan. Dimethylformamide waa walax ceeriin ah oo muhiim u ah warshadaha dawooyinka, kiimikada batroolka, maqaarka iyo warshadaha kale.
Dimethylformamide waxaa loogu yeeraa DMF. Waa isku-dhafan kaas oo kooxda hydroxyl ee asiidhka formic lagu beddelo koox dimethylamino ah, oo leh qaacidada molecular HCON (CH3)2. Waa dareere aan midab lahayn oo hufan oo leh ur amine khafiif ah iyo cufnaan qaraabo ah oo ah 0.9445 (25℃). Barta dhalaalaysa -61℃. Barta karkaraya 152.8℃. Barta iftiimaysa 57.78℃. Cufnaanta uumiga 2.51. Cadaadiska uumiga 0.49kpa (3.7mmHg25℃). Barta is-shidda waa 445℃. Xadka qaraxa ee isku darka uumiga iyo hawada waa 2.2~15.2%. Soo-gaadhista ololka furan iyo kulaylka sare waxay sababi kartaa gubasho iyo qarax. Waxay si xoog leh uga fal celin kartaa asiidhka sulfuric ee xooggan iyo asiidhka nitric oo qiiqaya xitaa way qarxi kartaa. Waa la isku qasi karaa biyaha iyo inta badan dareerayaasha dabiiciga ah. Waa dareere caadi ah oo loogu talagalay falcelinta kiimikada. Dimethylformamide saafi ah ma laha ur, laakiin heerka warshadaha ama dimethylformamide oo xumaaday wuxuu leeyahay ur kalluun sababtoo ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay wasakh dimethylamine ah. Magacu wuxuu ka yimid xaqiiqda ah inuu yahay beddel dimethyl ah oo ah formamide (amide ee formic acid), labada kooxood ee methyl-na waxay ku yaalliin atomka N (nitrogen). Dimethylformamide waa dareere aprotic ah oo polar (hydrophilic) ah oo leh dhibic karkaraya oo sare, kaas oo kor u qaadi kara habka falgalka SN2. Dimethylformamide waxaa laga sameeyay formic acid iyo dimethylamine. Dimethylformamide waa mid aan degganayn (gaar ahaan heerkulka sare) marka ay joogaan saldhigyo xooggan sida sodium hydroxide ama asiidhyo xooggan sida hydrochloric acid ama sulfuric acid, wuxuuna hydrolyzes u beddelaa formic acid iyo dimethylamine.
Aad bay u deggan tahay hawada marka la kululeeyo ilaa ay ka karkarto. Marka heerkulku ka sarreeyo 350°C, waxay lumisaa biyaha waxayna soo saartaa kaarboon monoksaydh iyo dimethylamine. N,N-dimethylformamide waa dareere aad u wanaagsan oo aprotic polar ah kaas oo milmi kara inta badan walxaha dabiiciga ah iyo kuwa aan organic ahayn waxaana lagu dhex milmi karaa biyaha, alkolada, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, esters, halogenated hydrocarbons iyo aromatic hydrocarbons. Dhammaadka togan ee molecule N,N-dimethylformamide waxaa ku wareegsan kooxo methyl ah, taasoo sameysa caqabad Chemicalbook ah oo meel bannaan ah oo ka hortagta in ions taban ay soo dhawaadaan oo keliya ions togan. Anions-ka qaawan ayaa aad uga firfircoon anions-ka la xalliyay. Falgallo badan oo ionic ah ayaa si fudud loogu fulin karaa N,N-dimethylformamide marka loo eego dareerayaasha protic guud ahaan. Tusaale ahaan, carboxylates iyo hydrocarbons-ka halogenated waxay ka falceliyaan N,N-dimethylformamide heerkulka qolka. , waxay soo saari karaan esters leh wax soo saar sare, waxayna si gaar ah ugu habboon tahay isku-darka esters-ka sterically cakiran.
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N,N-Diethylaniline CAS:91-66-7
N,N-Diethylaniline CAS:91-66-7
Dareere aan midab lahayn ilaa jaalle ah. Waxay leedahay ur gaar ah. Si yar ayuu ugu milmaa biyaha, waxaa ku milmaa dareere dabiici ah sida ethanol, ether, chloroform iyo benzene. Waxaa laga soo qaatay falgalka aniline iyo ethyl chloride. Qaddarka isticmaalka walxaha ceeriin: aniline 645kg/t, ethyl chloride (95%) 1473kg/t, caustic soda (42%) 1230kg/t, phthalic anhydride 29kg/t.
Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa diyaarinta rinjiyeyaasha azo, rinjiyeyaasha triphenylmethane, iwm. Sidoo kale waa dhexdhexaad muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay isku-darka daawooyinka iyo soosaarayaasha filimada midabka, codsigeeduna aad buu u ballaaran yahay.
Kaydinta: Bakhaarka waxaa lagu hawo geliyaa oo lagu qalajiyaa heerkul hooseeya; si gaar ah ayaa looga kaydiyaa asiidhyada, oksaydhiyeyaasha iyo waxyaabaha lagu daro cuntada. -
Polyethylene-polyamines CAS: 68131-73-7
Polyethylene-polyamines CAS: 68131-73-7
Muuqaal dareere dhalaalaya oo oranji-cas ilaa bunni ah.
Isticmaalka: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa sameynta resin-ka is-weydaarsiga anion, xuubka is-weydaarsiga ion-ka, nadiifiyaha saliidda cayriin, saliid lagu daro saliid, iwm. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sidii wakiil daaweyn resin epoxy ah iyo wax lagu daro dahaadhka aan lahayn cyanide.
Milmida: ku milma biyaha iyo ethanol-ka, aan ku milmi karin ether-ka, si fudud ayuu u nuugaa qoyaanka iyo kaarboon laba ogsaydh ee hawada ku jira, wuxuuna sameeyaa cusbo u dhiganta asiidhyo, kuwaas oo ku adkaan doona heerkulka hooseeya.
Aad bay u fududahay in la qarxiyo marka ay la kulmaan waxyeello, is jiidjiid, olol furan ama ilo kale oo dab-shid ah. Ku kaydi bakhaar qabow, qalalan oo hawo leh oo loogu talagalay walxaha qarxa. Heerkulka kaydinta kama badna 32°C qoyaanka qaraabo ahna kama badna 80%. Ka fogow ilaha dabka iyo kulaylka. Waa in si gaar ah loogu kaydiyaa oksaydhiyeyaasha, asiidhyada, iyo alkalis, oo iska ilaali kaydinta isku dhafan. Lagu qalabeeyay noocyada iyo tirada ku habboon ee qalabka dabka. Agabka ku habboon waa inuu diyaar ku ahaadaa aagga kaydinta si loo xakameeyo daadashada. Ma jiraan gariir, saameyn iyo is jiidjiid.
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Aashitada Ethylenediaminetetraacetic CAS: 60-00-4
Aashitada Ethylenediaminetetraacetic CAS: 60-00-4
sifooyinka kiimikada
Badeecadani waxay ka soo baxdaa biyaha iyadoo ah budo cad. Ku milmida biyaha heerkul ah 25℃ waa 0.5g/L. Kuma milmi karo biyaha qabow, khamriga iyo dareerayaasha guud ee dabiiciga ah. Ku milmi kara sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate iyo xalalka ammonia.
Habka wax soo saarka:
Falcelinta ethylenediamine iyo chloroacetic acid. Ku dar 100kg oo chloroacetic acid ah, 100kg oo baraf ah iyo 135kg oo ah xalka sodium hydroxide (30%) digsiga falcelinta, ka dibna ku dar 18kg oo ah 83% ilaa 84% ethylenediamine adigoo walaaqaya. Ku rid 15°C muddo 1 saac ah. Ku dar 30Chemicalbook% sodium hydroxide xal dufcadood ah 10L mar kasta. Ka dib ku darid kasta, ku dar dufcad kale ka dib marka xalka tijaabada phenolphthalein uusan muujin casaan. Ku hay heerkulka qolka muddo 12 saacadood ah. Kuleyl ilaa 90°C oo midab ka saar kaarboon firfircoon. Shaandhee, ku dhaq haraaga shaandhada biyo, ugu dambeyntiina ku hagaaji qiimaha pH ilaa 3 iyadoo la isticmaalayo aashitada hydrochloric ee xooggan. Qabooji oo kiristaaleey, shaandhee oo ku dhaq biyo ilaa aysan jirin falcelin chloride ion ah. Badeecooyinka qalalan.
Falcelinta ethylenediamine oo leh formaldehyde iyo sodium cyanide. Isku qas 60% xalka biyaha ethylenediamine, 30% xalka biyaha ee sodium cyanide iyo sodium hydroxide, oo isku darka ku hay 20°C muddo 0.5 saacadood ah. Kadib ku dar xalka biyaha ee formaldehyde hoos u dhac. Ka dib falgalka, buugga kiimikada ayaa la kala furfuray oo biyuhu way uumi baxeen. Kadib ku celi hawlgalka kor ku xusan, adigoo ku daraya formaldehyde xad dhaaf ah markii ugu dambeysay si loogu oggolaado sodium cyanide inuu si buuxda uga falceliyo. Ku hagaaji pH ilaa 1.2 aashitada khafiifka ah. Qashin cad oo la soo daadiyay, la sifeeyay, lagu dhaqay biyo, oo lagu qalajiyey 110°C. Soo qaado badeecada.
Aashitada Ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA) waa walax muhiim ah oo isku dhafan. EDTA si weyn ayaa loo isticmaalaa waxaana loo isticmaali karaa sidii xalal caday ah oo lagu farsameeyo walxaha midabaynta sawir-qaadista, kaaliyaha rinjiyeynta, kaaliyaha farsamaynta fiber-ka, waxyaabaha lagu daro qurxinta, daawooyinka xinjirowga dhiigga, saabuunta, dejiyayaasha, bilaabayaasha polymerization-ka caagga ee synthetic-ga ah, EDTA waa chelate. Waa walax wakiil ka ah isku-darka. Waxay samayn kartaa isku-dhafan kiimiko oo deggan oo biyo ku milma oo leh biraha alkali, walxaha dhulka naadirka ah iyo biraha kala-guurka. Marka laga soo tago cusbooyinka sodium, waxaa sidoo kale jira milix ammonium iyo milixyo kala duwan sida birta, magnesium, calcium, naxaas, manganese, zinc, cobalt, iyo aluminium. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah milixdan waxay leedahay isticmaallo kala duwan. Intaa waxaa dheer, EDTA sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in si dhakhso ah looga saaro biraha shucaaca ee waxyeelada leh jirka aadanaha oo loo ciyaaro door sun ah. Sidoo kale waa walax daaweynta biyaha. EDTA sidoo kale waa tilmaame muhiim ah, laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu titrite nikkel birta, naxaasta, iwm. Marka la isticmaalo, waa in lala isticmaalaa ammonia si ay u shaqeyso tilmaame ahaan. -
Disodium edetate dihydrate CAS: 6381-92-6
Disodium edetate dihydrate CAS: 6381-92-6
Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan disodium EDTA) waa wakiil chelating awood leh. Sababtoo ah xasilloonideeda joogtada ah iyo sifooyinka isku-dubbaridka ballaaran, waxay ku dhawaad la falgeli kartaa inta badan ion-yada birta marka laga reebo biraha alkali (sida birta, naxaasta, kaalshiyamka, magnesium iyo ion-yada kale ee badan) chelate si ay u sameeyaan isku-dhafan biyo-milmi kara oo deggan, iyadoo meesha ka saaraysa ion-yada birta ama falcelinta waxyeelada leh ee ay keenaan.
Disodium EDTA waa budo cad oo crystalline ah oo ku milmi karta biyaha oo aan ku milmi karin ethanol iyo ether. Qiimaha pH ee xalka biyaha waa qiyaastii 5.3 waxaana loo isticmaalaa saabuunta, qalabka rinjiyeynta, wakiilada farsamaynta fiber-ka, waxyaabaha lagu daro qurxinta, waxyaabaha lagu daro cuntada, bacrimiyeyaasha yaryar ee beeraha iyo dhaqanka xoolaha, iwm.
Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate waxaa loo isticmaalaa cuntada, daawada, qurxinta iyo alaabada kale. Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate oo heer cunto ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii xasiliye, isku-xidhe, antioxidant iyo ilaaliye, waxayna ilaalin kartaa midabka waxayna iska caabin kartaa oksaydhka. , isku-dhafka ka hortagga daxalka iyo saameynta xasilinta. -
Sodium edetate CAS: 64-02-8
Sodium edetate CAS: 64-02-8
Asiidhka Ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA) wuxuu ka kooban yahay 4 kooxood oo carboxyl ah wuxuuna guud ahaan samayn karaa disalt, trisalt iyo tetrasalt. Cusbooyinka EDTA ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-2Na), tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-4Na), dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-2K) iyo ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Tripotassium (EDTA-3K). Tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-4Na) waa molecule yar oo dabiici ah oo badan oo ka kooban kooxaha amino iyo carboxyl. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa kiimikada falanqaynta iyadoo ah wakiil isku dhafan.
Sifo kiimiko ah: Budada crystalline cad. Ku milmi kara biyaha iyo aashitada, kuma milmi karo aalkolada, benzene iyo kloroform.
Tetrasodium EDTA waa wakiil muhiim ah oo isku dhafan iyo maaskaro biraha ah. Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa rinjiyeynta warshadaha dharka, daaweynta tayada biyaha, xasaasiyadda midabka, daawada, kiimikooyinka maalinlaha ah, sameynta waraaqaha iyo warshadaha kale, sida wax lagu daro, firfircooni, nadiifiye biyo, wakiilka maaskaro biraha ah iyo firfircooni warshadaha caagga styrene-butadiene. Warshadaha acrylic-ka ee habka qalalan, waxay ka saari kartaa faragelinta birta waxayna hagaajin kartaa midabka iyo dhalaalka dharka la midabeeyay. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa saabuunta dareeraha ah si loo hagaajiyo tayada dhaqidda loona xoojiyo saameynta dhaqidda. -
Tris (dimethylaminomethyl) phenol CAS 90-72-2
Tris (dimethylaminomethyl) phenol
CAS 90-72-2
Habka wax soo saarka
Ku dar phenol iyo 40% xal biyood dimethylamine ah digsiga falcelinta, walaaq oo si siman u walaaq, qabooji ilaa ka hooseeya 20°C, si tartiib ah ugu dar 30% xal biyood ah oo formaldehyde ah inta aad walaaqayso, oo xakamayso si aad u dhammaystirto ku darista ka hooseysa 30°C. Sii wad walaaqidda 25-30°C muddo 1 saac ah, ka dibna kor u qaad heerkulka ilaa 90-95°C oo dib u celi muddo 2 saacadood ah. Ku dar milix si aad u kala saarto wejiga biyaha, oo kala saar lakabka saliidda si aad u kala qaybiso cadaadiska yaraaday si aad u hesho badeecada dhammaatay. Waxyaabaha ku jira wax soo saarka warshaduhu waa in ka badan 95%.
Muuqaal: Dareere aan midab lahayn ama huruud khafiif ah. Gubasho leh.
Waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii wakiil bogsiineed oo loogu talagalay resins epoxy resins-ka, dhejisyada, shaabadaha loogu talagalay agabka laminate-ka iyo sagxadaha, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha aashitada iyo kaaliyeyaasha wax soo saarka polyurethane. -
DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE (XOG) 111-40-0
DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE (XOG) 111-40-0
dabeecadda
Dareere huruud ah oo hufan oo hygroscopic ah oo leh ur ammonia ah oo xoog leh, oo guban kara oo si xoog leh u alkaline ah. Ku milmi kara biyaha, acetone, benzene, ether, methanol, iwm., aan ku milmi karin n-heptane, iyo daxal u ah naxaasta iyo agabkeeda. Barta dhalaalka -35℃. Barta karkaraya 207℃. Cufnaanta qaraabada ah o. 9586. Barta iftiiminta 94℃. Tusmada Refractive 1. 4810. Badeecadani waxay leedahay fal-celinta amiinada labaad waxayna si fudud ula falgashaa noocyo kala duwan oo isku-dhafan. Waxyaabaha ka soo baxa waxay leeyihiin isticmaalyo kala duwan.
isticmaal
Badeecadan waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa sidii dareere iyo isku-darka dabiiciga ah, waxaana loo isticmaali karaa in lagu diyaariyo wakiilada daaweynta resin epoxy, nadiifiyeyaasha gaaska (ka saarista CO2), waxyaabaha lagu daro saliidda, emulsifiers, kiimikooyinka sawir qaadista, surfactants, iyo wakiilada dhammaystirka dharka. , kor u qaadaha warqadda, wakiilka isku-dhafka aminocarboxylic, wakiilka chelating birta, hydrometallurgy birta culus iyo wakiilka faafinta electroplating ee aan lahayn cyanide, dhalaaliye, iyo resin is-weydaarsiga ion-ka ee synthetic iyo resin polyamide, iwm. -
N,N-dimethylethanolamine CAS: 108-01-0
N,N-dimethylethanolamine CAS: 108-01-0
Waa dareere aan midab lahayn oo leh ur xun. Heerka ur: 0.25 ppm. Miisaanka Molecular-ka 5 89.16; Barta karkarinta = 133℃; Barafka/Baltimaha Dhallaanka = 259℃; Barta iftiiminta = 41℃ (oc); Heerkulka iskiis u shidista 5 = 295℃. Xadka qaraxyada: LEL 5 = 1.6%; UEL 5 = 11.9%. Aqoonsiga Khatarta (oo ku salaysan Nidaamka Qiimaynta NFPA-704M): Caafimaadka 2, Dab-shidka 2, Falcelinta 0. Ku milmi kara biyaha.
Waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan dimethylaminoethanol. Daraasaduhu waxay muujinayaan sifooyin adkeynaya maqaarka, iyo awood u leh inay yareyso muuqaalka khadadka yaryar iyo laalaabyada iyo sidoo kale goobo madow oo indhaha hoostiisa ah. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka hortagto gabowga, iyo inay ka hortagto bararka, waxayna muujisay firfircooni xoqid xor ah. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sidii ka hortage daxalka, wakiilka ka hortagga miisaanka, ku darista rinjiga, ku darista dahaarka iyo wakiilka kala soocidda adag. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa dhexdhexaad ahaan maaddooyinka daawada firfircoon iyo midabaynta. Waxay u adeegtaa sidii wakiil bogsiin ah oo loogu talagalay polyurethanes iyo resins epoxy. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii lagu daro biyaha kululeeyaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa loo isticmaalaa daaweyn ahaan kicinta CNS.
