Codsiga

1. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida reagent-ka kiimikada iyo fuuq-baxa iyo wakiilka yaraanta

2. Waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa isku-darka iyo qallajinta amikacin iyo amino acids. Waa walax fuuq-baxa bayoolaji oo wanaagsan oo heerkul hooseeya leh.

3. Waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa isku-darka amino acids-ka ee polypeptide-ka synthetic-ga. Tusaale ahaan, isku-darka FMOC - marxaladda adag, kooxda carboxyl ee amino acid waxay sameysaa isku-xidhka amide-ka oo ay weheliso kooxda amino acid-ka kale. Si kooxda carboxyl-ka looga dhigo mid u nugul weerarka nucleophile, atamka oksijiinta ee taban waa in marka hore ay hawlgelisaa Kimikobook si ay u noqoto koox ka baxda si ka wanaagsan. DCC waxay ciyaartaa doorkan. Atamka oksijiinta ee kooxda carboxyl-ka ee amino acid-ka wuxuu u dhaqmaa sidii nucleophile si uu u weeraro atamka kaarboonka ee ku yaal bartamaha molecule-ka DCC si DCC iyo kooxda carboxyl ay isugu daraan si ay u sameeyaan qaab-dhismeed ester ah, taasoo ka dhigaysa weerarka nucleophilic-ga ee kooxda amino mid fudud in la fuliyo.

4. Isku-xidhka falgalka; Falgalka fuuq-baxa; Transhydrogenase wuxuu wax ka beddelaa mitochondria-ka wadnaha lo'da; F1F0-adenosine triphosphate iyo kuwa kale ee joojiya transposase-ka hydrogen