Midabada falgalka leh waxay leeyihiin milmi aad u wanaagsan oo biyaha ah. Midabada falgalka leh waxay inta badan ku tiirsan yihiin kooxda aashitada sulfonic ee ku jirta molecule-ka rinjiga si ay ugu milmaan biyaha. Midabada falgalka leh ee heerkulka meso-kulka oo ay ku jiraan kooxaha vinylsulfone, marka lagu daro kooxda sulfonic acid, β-Ethylsulfonyl sulfate sidoo kale waa koox milmi karta oo aad u wanaagsan.

Xalka biyaha, ayoonada soodhiyamka ee ku jira kooxda asiidhka sulfonic iyo kooxda -ethylsulfone sulfate waxay maraan falgal fuuq-celin si ay u sameeyaan midab anion oo ay ku milmaan biyaha. Rinjiga rinjiga fal-celinta wuxuu ku xiran yahay anion-ka rinjiga lagu rinjiyeynayo faybarka.

Milanka midabyada falgalka ah waa in ka badan 100 g/L, inta badan midabyada waxay leeyihiin milmi 200-400 g/L, qaar ka mid ahna xitaa waxay gaari karaan 450 g/L. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta lagu jiro habka midabaynta, milmida midabku way yaraan doontaa sababo kala duwan awgood (ama xitaa gebi ahaanba aan milmi karin). Marka milmida midabku hoos u dhacdo, qayb ka mid ah midabku wuxuu ka beddeli doonaa hal anion oo xor ah una beddelaa walxo, sababtoo ah isku-celinta weyn ee u dhaxaysa walxaha. Hoos u dhaca, walxaha iyo walxaha ayaa is soo jiidan doona si ay u soo saaraan isku-darka. Noocan isku-darka ah marka hore wuxuu ururiyaa walxaha rinjiga una beddelaa isku-darka, ka dibna wuxuu isu beddelaa isku-darka, ugu dambayntiina wuxuu isu beddelaa isku-darka. In kasta oo isku-darka ay yihiin nooc ka mid ah isku-darka dabacsan, sababtoo ah lakabka labanlaabka ah ee korantada ee ku wareegsan oo ay sameeyeen isku-darka togan iyo kuwa taban guud ahaan way adag tahay in lagu burburiyo xoogga xiirashada marka khamriga midabku wareego, isku-darkana si fudud ayaa loogu daadin karaa dharka, taasoo keenta midabaynta dusha sare ama wasakhaynta.

Marka rinjigu uu yeesho isku-darka noocaas ah, si weyn ayuu u yaraan doonaa, isla markaana wuxuu sababi doonaa heerar kala duwan oo wasakh, wasakh, iyo wasakh ah. Qaar ka mid ah midabyada, isku-darka ayaa sii dardar gelin doona isu-geynta xoogga xiirashada ee xalka rinjiga, taasoo keenta fuuq-bax iyo milix. Marka milixdu soo baxdo, midabka la midabeeyay wuxuu noqon doonaa mid aad u fudud, ama xitaa aan la midabayn, xitaa haddii la midabeeyo, wuxuu noqon doonaa wasakh iyo wasakh midab oo halis ah.

Sababaha isu-ururinta rinjiga

Sababta ugu weyn waa elektrolaytka. Habka rinjiyeynta, elektrolaytka ugu weyn waa dardar-geliyaha rinjiga (cusbo sodium iyo milix). Dardar-geliyaha rinjiga wuxuu ka kooban yahay sodium ions, isla markaana u dhigma sodium ions ee molecule-ka midabaynta ayaa aad uga hooseeya kan dardar-geliyaha rinjiga. Tirada u dhiganta sodium ions, xoogga caadiga ah ee dardar-geliyaha rinjiga ee habka midabaynta caadiga ah saameyn badan kuma yeelan doonto milmida rinjiga ee qubeyska midabaynta.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka xaddiga dardar-gelinta rinjiga uu kordho, isku-darka ion-yada soodhiyamka ee xalka ayaa si waafaqsan u kordha. ion-yada soodhiyamka ee xad-dhaafka ah waxay joojin doonaan ionization-ka ion-yada soodhiyamka ee kooxda milmi karta ee molecule-ka midabaynta, taasoo yareynaysa milmida rinjiga. Ka dib marka ka badan 200 g/L, inta badan midabaynta waxay yeelan doonaan heerar kala duwan oo isku-darka ah. Marka isku-darka dardar-gelinta midabaynta uu ka bato 250 g/L, heerka isku-darka ayaa la xoojin doonaa, marka hore waxay sameeyaan agglomerates, ka dibna xalka midabaynta. Agglomerates iyo floccules si dhakhso ah ayaa loo sameeyaa, qaar ka mid ah midabaynta leh milmi yarna qayb ahaan ayaa la cusbeeyaa ama xitaa waa la fuuq-baxaa. Midabada leh qaab-dhismeedyo molecular oo kala duwan waxay leeyihiin sifooyin kala duwan oo ka hortagga isku-darka iyo iska caabbinta milixda. Inta milmidu hoosayso, sifooyinka ka hortagga isku-darka iyo u-adkaysashada milixda. Inta ka sii daran waxqabadka falanqaynta.

Milmida midabka waxaa inta badan lagu go'aamiyaa tirada kooxaha asiidhka sulfonic ee ku jira molecule-ka midabaynta iyo tirada β-ethylsulfone sulfates. Isla mar ahaantaana, marka uu hydrophilicity-gu sii weynaado, milmida midabka ayaa sii kordheysa oo hydrophilicity-gu sii yaraado. Milmida midabka ayaa hoosaysa. (Tusaale ahaan, midabyada qaab-dhismeedka azo waa hydrophilicity ka badan midabyada qaab-dhismeedka heterocyclic.) Intaa waxaa dheer, qaab-dhismeedka molecular-ka ee midabaynta ayaa sii weynaaday, milmida midabka ayaa sii yaraata, qaab-dhismeedka molecular-kana wuu sii yaraaday.

Milmida midabyada falcelinta leh
Waxaa si qiyaas ah loogu qaybin karaa afar qaybood:

Fasalka A, midabyada ka kooban diethylsulfone sulfate (tusaale ahaan vinyl sulfone) iyo saddex kooxood oo falgal ah (monochloros-triazine + divinyl sulfone) ayaa leh milanka ugu sarreeya, sida Yuan Qing B, Navy GG, Navy RGB, Golden: RNL Dhammaan madowga falgalka ah ee laga sameeyay isku darka midabyada kooxda ee Yuanqing B, saddex-falgal ah sida nooca ED, nooca Ciba, iwm. Milmida midabyadan ayaa inta badan ah qiyaastii 400 g/L.

Fasalka B, midabyo ay ku jiraan kooxo heterobireactive ah (monochloros-triazine+vinylsulfone), sida jaallaha 3RS, casaanka 3BS, casaanka 6B, casaanka GWF, RR saddex midab oo aasaasi ah, RGB saddex midab oo aasaasi ah, iwm. Milmidoodu waxay ku salaysan tahay 200~300 garaam. Milmida meta-ester waxay ka sarreysaa tan para-ester.

Nooca C: Buluug Madow oo sidoo kale ah koox heterobireactive ah: BF, Buluug Madow 3GF, Buluug Madow 2GFN, RBN Cas, F2B Cas, iwm., sababtoo ah kooxo aashitada sulfonic oo yar ama miisaan molecular oo weyn, milmideedu sidoo kale waa yar tahay, kaliya 100-200 g/ Rise. Heerka D: Midabada leh kooxda monovinylsulfone iyo qaab-dhismeedka heterocyclic, oo leh milmida ugu hooseysa, sida Brilliant Blue KN-R, Turquoise Blue G, Bright Yellow 4GL, Violet 5R, Blue BRF, Brilliant Orange F2R, Brilliant Red F2G, iwm. Milmida noocan ah ee rinjiga waa qiyaastii 100 g/L oo keliya. Noocan rinjiga ah wuxuu si gaar ah ugu nugul yahay elektrolaytyada. Marka noocan rinjiga ah uu isku milmo, xitaa uma baahna inuu maro habka flocculation, isagoo si toos ah u soo saaraya milix.

Habka rinjiyeynta caadiga ah, xaddiga ugu badan ee dardar-gelinta rinjiga waa 80 g/L. Midabada madow oo keliya ayaa u baahan xoog badan oo dardar-geliye rinji ah. Marka xoogga rinjiga ee qubeyska rinjiyeynta uu ka yar yahay 10 g/L, inta badan midabyada falcelinta leh ayaa weli leh milmi wanaagsan oo ku jira xooggan mana isku darsami doonaan. Laakiin dhibaatadu waxay ku jirtaa weelka. Sida waafaqsan habka rinjiyeynta caadiga ah, rinjiga ayaa marka hore lagu daraa, ka dib marka rinjiga si buuxda loogu qaso weelka rinjiga si uu u noqdo mid isku mid ah, dardar-geliye rinji ayaa lagu daraa. Dardar-geliye rinjiga ayaa asal ahaan dhammaystiraya habka kala dirista weelka.

Ku shaqee sida waafaqsan habka soo socda

Qiyaasta: isku-darka rinjiyeynta waa 5%, saamiga khamriga waa 1:10, miisaanka maro waa 350Kg (socodka dareeraha laba tuubbo), heerka biyuhu waa 3.5T, sodium sulfate waa 60 g/litir, wadarta guud ee sodium sulfate waa 200Kg (50Kg/wadarta baakadda 4 baakadood)) (Awoodda haanta agabka guud ahaan waa qiyaastii 450 litir). Inta lagu jiro milidda sodium sulfate, dareeraha reflux ee weelka rinjiga ayaa badanaa la isticmaalaa. Dareeraha reflux wuxuu ka kooban yahay rinji hore loogu daray. Guud ahaan, dareeraha reflux 300L ayaa marka hore la geliyaa weelka agabka, ka dibna laba baakadood oo sodium sulfate ah (100 kg) ayaa la shubaa.

Dhibaatadu halkan ayay ku jirtaa, inta badan midabyada waxay ku milmi doonaan heerar kala duwan marka ay ku jiraan heerkan sodium sulfate. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, nooca C wuxuu yeelan doonaa isku-dhafan daran, rinjiga D-na ma aha oo kaliya in la isku daro, laakiin xitaa milix ayaa laga saarayaa. In kasta oo hawlwadeenka guud uu raaci doono habka si tartiib tartiib ah loogu buuxiyo xalka sodium sulfate ee weelka ku jira weelka rinjiga iyada oo loo marayo bamka wareegga ugu weyn. Laakiin rinjiga ku jira 300 litir oo xalka sodium sulfate ah ayaa sameeyay flocs xitaa milix ayaa laga saaray.

Marka dhammaan xalka ku jira weelka lagu shubo weelka rinjiyeynta, waxaa si weyn u muuqata in lakabka walxaha rinjiyeynta dufanka leh uu ku yaalo derbiga weelka iyo salka weelka. Haddii walxahan rinjiyeynta la xoqo oo lagu rido biyo nadiif ah, guud ahaan way adag tahay. Mar kale milmi. Dhab ahaantii, 300 litir oo xal ah oo gala weelka rinjiyeynta dhammaantood waa sidan oo kale.

Xusuusnow in ay jiraan laba baakad oo ah Budada Yuanming oo sidoo kale lagu milmi doono oo lagu buuxin doono weelka rinjiga sidan oo kale. Ka dib marka ay taasi dhacdo, wasakhda, wasakhda, iyo wasakhda ayaa hubaal ah inay dhacaan, midabkuna si weyn ayuu u yaraadaa sababtoo ah rinjiyeynta dusha sare, xitaa haddii aysan jirin wax xoqan ama milix ah oo muuqda. Fasalka A iyo Fasalka B oo leh milmi sare, isku-darka midabku sidoo kale wuu dhici doonaa. Inkasta oo midabyadani aysan weli samayn flocculations, ugu yaraan qayb ka mid ah midabyada ayaa horey u sameeyay agglomerates.

Isku-darkaan way adag tahay in laga dhex galo faybarka. Sababtoo ah aagga aan qaab-dhismeedka lahayn ee faybarka cudbigu wuxuu u oggolaanayaa oo keliya gelinta iyo faafitaanka midabada mono-ion. Isku-darka ma geli karo aagga aan qaab-dhismeedka lahayn ee faybarka. Waxaa lagu nuugi karaa oo keliya dusha sare ee faybarka. Xawaaraha midabka ayaa sidoo kale si weyn loo dhimi doonaa, wasakhda midabka iyo wasakhda ayaa sidoo kale dhici doona kiisaska halista ah.

Heerka xalka ee midabada falgalka ah waxay la xiriirtaa walxaha alkaline-ka ah

Marka lagu daro wakiilka alkali, β-ethylsulfone sulfate ee rinjiga falgalka ah ayaa mari doona falcelin tirtirid si loo sameeyo vinyl sulfone-kiisa dhabta ah, kaas oo aad ugu milma hiddo-wadaha. Maadaama falcelinta tirtiriddu ay u baahan tahay walxo alkali ah oo aad u yar, (badanaa waxay ka yar tahay 1/10 qiyaasta habka), qiyaasta alkali badan ee lagu daro, ayaa midabyo badan oo baabi'iya falcelinta. Marka falcelinta tirtiriddu dhacdo, milmida rinjiga ayaa sidoo kale yaraan doonta.

Isla wakiilka alkaligu sidoo kale waa elektrolyt xooggan wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ion sodium ah. Sidaa darteed, fiirsashada xad dhaafka ah ee wakiilka alkali waxay sidoo kale sababi doontaa in rinjiga sameeyay vinyl sulfone uu isku ururiyo ama xitaa uu milix ka baxo. Dhibaato isku mid ah ayaa ka dhacda haanta walxaha. Marka wakiilka alkali la milmo (tusaale ahaan u qaado dambaska soodhaha), haddii xalka reflux la isticmaalo. Waqtigan, dareeraha reflux wuxuu horey u lahaa wakiilka dardargelinta rinjiga iyo rinjiga heerka caadiga ah ee habka. Inkasta oo qayb ka mid ah rinjiga laga yaabo inuu daalo faybarka, ugu yaraan in ka badan 40% midabka haray uu ku jiro khamriga rinjiga. Bal qiyaas in baakad dambaska soodhaha ah la shubo inta lagu jiro hawlgalka, oo fiirsashada dambaska soodhaha ee haanta ay ka badan tahay 80 g/L. Xitaa haddii dardar-gelinta rinjiga ee dareeraha reflux uu yahay 80 g/L waqtigan, rinjiga ku jira haanta ayaa sidoo kale isku ururi doona. Rinjiyada C iyo D xitaa way milixi karaan, gaar ahaan rinjiyada D, xitaa haddii fiirsashada dambaska soodhaha uu hoos u dhaco 20 g/l, milixdu way soo bixi doontaa. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, Brilliant Blue KN.R, Turquoise Blue G, iyo Supervisor BRF.

Isku-darka rinjiga ama xitaa milixaynta macnaheedu maaha in rinjiga gebi ahaanba la milmay. Haddii uu yahay isku-darka ama milixaynta oo ay keento dardar-geliye rinji, weli waa la midabayn karaa ilaa inta dib loo milmi karo. Laakiin si loo sameeyo in dib loo milmo, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in lagu daro xaddi ku filan oo kaaliye rinji ah (sida urea 20 g/l ama ka badan), heerkulkana waa in la gaarsiiyaa 90°C ama ka badan iyadoo la walaaqayo ku filan. Sida iska cad aad ayay u adag tahay hawlgalka dhabta ah ee habka.
Si looga hortago in midabyada ay isku ururaan ama ay ku milmaan weelka, habka rinjiyeynta wareejinta waa in la isticmaalaa marka la samaynayo midabyo qoto dheer oo xoog leh oo loogu talagalay midabyada C iyo D ee leh milmi yar, iyo sidoo kale midabyada A iyo B.

Hawlgalka iyo falanqaynta habka

1. Isticmaal weelka rinjiga si aad u soo celiso xawaaraha rinjiga oo aad ugu kululeyso weelka si uu u milmo (60~80℃). Maadaama uusan jirin rinji ku jira biyaha cusub, dardar-bixiyaha rinjiga ma laha wax xiriir ah oo u dhexeeya dharka. Dar-bixiyaha rinjiga milmay waxaa lagu buuxin karaa weelka rinjiga sida ugu dhakhsaha badan.

2. Ka dib marka xalka milixda lagu shubo 5 daqiiqo, dareeraha rinjiga wuxuu asal ahaan si buuxda isugu mid yahay, ka dibna xalka rinjiga ee hore loo milmay ayaa lagu daraa. Xalka rinjiga waa in lagu qaso xalka reflux, sababtoo ah xoojinta dardargelinta rinjiga ee xalka reflux waa 80 garaam /L oo keliya, rinjiga ma isku milmi doono. Isla mar ahaantaana, maadaama rinjiga uusan saameyn ku yeelan doonin dardargelinta rinjiga (xoogga yar), dhibaatada rinjiga ayaa dhici doonta. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, xalka rinjiga looma baahna in la xakameeyo waqtiga si loo buuxiyo weelka rinjiga, badanaana waxaa lagu dhammeeyaa 10-15 daqiiqo gudahood.

3. Walxaha alkaline waa in la qoyaa intii suurtogal ah, gaar ahaan kuwa C iyo D. Maadaama noocaan rinjiga ah uu aad ugu nugul yahay walxaha alkaline marka ay joogaan wakiilada dhiirrigeliya rinjiga, milanka wakiilada alkaline waa mid aad u sarreeya (milmida dambaska soodhaha ee 60°C waa 450 g/L). Biyaha nadiifka ah ee loo baahan yahay si loo milmo wakiilka alkaline uma baahna inay aad u badan yihiin, laakiin xawaaraha lagu darayo xalka alkaline waa inuu waafaqsan yahay shuruudaha habka, guud ahaanna way ka wanaagsan tahay in lagu daro hab kordhin ah.

4. Rinjiyada divinyl sulfone ee qaybta A, heerka falcelinta waa mid aad u sarreeya sababtoo ah waxay si gaar ah ugu nugul yihiin walxaha alkaline-ka ah 60°C. Si looga hortago isku-xidhka midabka degdegga ah iyo midabka aan sinnayn, waxaad ku dari kartaa 1/4 oo ah wakiilka alkali heerkulka hooseeya.

Habka rinjiyeynta wareejinta, waa wakiilka alkali oo keliya kan u baahan inuu xakameeyo heerka quudinta. Habka rinjiyeynta wareejinta ma aha oo kaliya inuu khuseeyo habka kuleylinta, laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu khuseeyaa habka heerkulka joogtada ah. Habka heerkulka joogtada ah wuxuu kordhin karaa milmida rinjiga wuxuuna dedejin karaa faafinta iyo gelinta rinjiga. Heerka bararka ee aagga aan qaab-dhismeedka lahayn ee faybarka ee 60°C waa qiyaastii labanlaab ka sarreeya kan 30°C. Sidaa darteed, habka heerkulka joogtada ah wuxuu ku habboon yahay farmaajo, hank. Biraha warp waxaa ka mid ah hababka rinjiyeynta oo leh saamiga khamriga oo hooseeya, sida rinjiyeynta jig, kaas oo u baahan gelinta sare iyo faafinta ama xoojinta rinjiga oo aad u sarreeya.

Ogsoonow in sodium sulfate-ka hadda suuqa laga helo mararka qaarkood uu yahay alkaline, qiimaha PH-giisuna wuxuu gaari karaa 9-10. Tani aad bay khatar u tahay. Haddii aad isbarbardhigto sodium sulfate-ka saafiga ah iyo milixda saafiga ah, milixdu waxay saameyn ka sarreysaa isku-darka rinjiga marka loo eego sodium sulfate. Tani waa sababta oo ah u dhiganta sodium ions-ka ku jira milixda miiska ayaa ka sarreeya kan sodium sulfate-ka ee miisaanka isku midka ah.

Isugeynta midabyada waxay si aad ah ula xiriirtaa tayada biyaha. Guud ahaan, ayoonada kaalshiyamka iyo magnesium-ka ee ka hooseeya 150ppm saameyn badan kuma yeelan doonaan isu-ururinta midabyada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ayoonada birta culus ee biyaha ku jira, sida ayoonada feric-ka iyo ayoonada aluminium-ka, oo ay ku jiraan qaar ka mid ah noolaha algae-ga, waxay dardar gelin doonaan isu-ururinta midabyada. Tusaale ahaan, haddii isku-ururinta ayoonada feric-ka ee biyaha ay ka badato 20 ppm, awoodda ka-hortagga isku-xidhka ee midabaynta si weyn ayaa loo dhimi karaa, saameynta algae-na waa mid aad u daran.

Waxaa ku lifaaqan tijaabada ka hortagga isku-dhafka rinjiga iyo iska caabbinta milixda:

Go'aaminta 1aad: Miisaan 0.5 g oo rinji ah, 25 g oo sodium sulfate ah ama milix ah, oo ku mil 100 ml oo biyo la sifeeyey ah heerkul ah 25°C ilaa 5 daqiiqo. Isticmaal tuubo dhibic ah si aad u nuugto xalka oo aad si joogto ah ugu shubto 2 dhibcood isla booska warqadda shaandhada.

Go'aaminta 2aad: Miisaan 0.5 g oo rinji ah, 8 g oo sodium sulfate ah ama milix ah iyo 8 g oo dambas soodhaha ah, oo ku mil 100 ml oo biyo la sifeeyay ah qiyaastii 25°C muddo 5 daqiiqo ah. Isticmaal dhibic si aad si joogto ah ugu nuugto xalka warqadda shaandhada. 2 dhibcood.

Habka kor ku xusan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si fudud in lagu qiimeeyo awoodda ka hortagga isku-dhafka iyo milixda ee rinjiga, waxayna asal ahaan xukumi kartaa habka rinjiyeynta ee la isticmaalayo.