Dhexdhexaadinta: Dhexdhexaadinta midabaynta (midabka) waa laan aad muhiim u ah warshadaha kiimikada ee fiican. Horumarinta dhexdhexaadinta taageerada. Soo saarista dhexdhexaadinta Shiinaha ee midabaynta iyo midabaynta ayaa si weyn loo horumariyay tan iyo 1950-meeyadii. Sannadihii la soo dhaafay, soo saarista dhexdhexaadinta midabaynta iyo midabaynta ayaa noqotay mid aad u daran, waxaana jiray hal-abuurro ku saabsan tiknoolajiyada wax soo saarka. Waxaan sameynay horumarro dhowr ah oo ku saabsan dhinacyo badan, sida cilmi-baarista, isticmaalka cusub ee noocyada hore iyo ilaalinta deegaanka, waxaanan qaadannay hab nadiif ah oo loogu talagalay soo saarista dhexdhexaadinta midabaynta iyo midabaynta.

1
Horumarinta isticmaalka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha

Xaqiiqdii, isticmaalka dhexdhexaadintu waa horumar dhinacyo badan leh, nooc gaar ah oo dhexdhexaadin ah oo loo isticmaalo midabyada loo yaqaan dhexdhexaadinta rinjiga, waxaana loo isticmaalaa sunta cayayaanka, daawooyinka, iwm. Sidoo kale waxaa loo yaqaan sunta cayayaanka, dhexdhexaadinta dawooyinka. Waa in loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay laan ka mid ah warshadaha kiimikada ee fiican guud ahaan, waa in aan si adag loogu qaybin dhexdhexaadinta rinjiga, dhexdhexaadinta sunta cayayaanka ...

Cilmi-baarista dhexdhexaadinta kiimikada ee fiican waxaa lagu gartaa noocyo badan, marka laga reebo noocyo yar oo baaxadda wax soo saarka ah ayaa si gaar ah u weyn, noocyada badan ee tonnage-ka ma aha kuwo aad u weyn, laakiin habka diyaarinta badanaa waa mid aad u adag, oo ku lug leh falcelinno badan oo unugyo ah iyo kala-soocid, iyo soo saarista xaddi badan oo "saddexda qashin" waxay u baahan yihiin in si habboon loo maareeyo. Sidaa darteed, waa inaan ku lug yeelannaa cilmi-baarista habka wax soo saarka ee taxanaha ah, oo ah urur macquul ah oo dhexdhexaadin ah si loo helo hufnaan wax soo saar oo heer sare ah.

Xaaladda dibadda, cilmi-baarista iyo soo saarista dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waxay u muuqdaan inay si habboon u urursan yihiin si loo gaaro wax soo saar taxane ah. Dhowr ilaa darsin nooc oo dhexdhexaad ah, cilmi-baarista iyo wax soo saarka noocaas ah way fududahay in la hirgeliyo iyada oo loo marayo horumarinta guud iyo qaadashada teknoolojiyada cusub. Waxaan heli doonnaa labanlaab natiijada kala bar dadaalka. Waxaan tixraaci karnaa xaaladda Japan, halkaas oo soo saarista dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha ay ahaan jirtay mid aad u baahsan, laga bilaabo 1960-meeyadii. Todobo jeer ayaa la hagaajiyay oo la ururiyay.

Iyada oo loo marayo isbeddelka iyo horumarinta, warshadaha dhexdhexaadinta rinjiga iyo midabaynta ee Shiinaha waxay gaareen heer sare marka loo eego baaxadda wax soo saarka, tignoolajiyada iyo heerka qalabka, taas oo aan dabooli karin oo keliya baahiyaha horumarinta warshadaha rinjiga gudaha iyo midabka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay bixiyaan badeecooyin dhexdhexaadin tayo sare leh oo loogu talagalay waddamada shisheeye.

Alaabada ceeriin ee loo baahan yahay si loo sameeyo isku-darka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waxaa inta badan laga helaa wax soo saarka warshadaha batroolka iyo kiimikada coking, kuwaas oo intooda badan ay yihiin benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, iyo naphthalene. Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, midabada dabiiciga ah ee laga diyaariyey dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha heterocyclic ayaa sii kordhayay. Intaa waxaa dheer, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, isku-dhafka taxanaha biphenyl, walxahan ceeriin ee adag ayaa lagu dabaqay soo saarista midabaynta. Isticmaalka walxaha ceeriin ee macmal ah ayaa noqon doona mid aad u baahsan oo caadi ah.

2
Falgallada kiimikada ee ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha

Falgallada kiimikada ee ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo in lagu farsameeyo walxaha ceeriin ah ee dhexdhexaadinta warshadaha rinjiyeynta (midabka) waa sida soo socota.

(1) Falcelinta Sulfonation
(2) Falcelinta Nitrification
(3) Falcelinta Halogenation
(4) Falcelinta yaraynta ee diyaarinta amino-ka
(5) Falcelinta Diazotization (badanaa waxaa la socda falcelin isku xiran)
(6) Ku beddel kooxaha aashitada sulfonic kooxaha hydroxyl iyadoo la adeegsanayo falgallada alkali-milmaya
(7) Falcelinta Acetylation
(8) Falcelinta oksaydhaynta
(9) Falcelinta isku-ururinta iyo kaarboonaynta
(10) Falcelinta urta (badanaa amino)
(11) Falcelinta la isku beddeli karo ee kooxaha hydroxyl iyo amino
(12) Hydroxylation-ka kooxaha hydroxyl ama amino

Sida ku cad qaab-dhismeedka giraanta udgoonka leh ee dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha kiimikada ee fiican, waxaa loo kala saari karaa aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic iyo cufnaanta nidaamka giraanta. Dalkeenu wuxuu soo saari karaa in ka badan 400 oo nooc oo ah benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic iyo dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha kale ee rinjiyeynta iyo midabka, kuwaas oo asal ahaan dabooli kara shuruudaha baahiyaha horumarinta warshadaha rinjiyeynta iyo midabka.

3
Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, ... 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, iwm.

4
Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee dhexdhexaadinta naphthalene

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 ogsijiin asiidh. J-acid, peri-acid, gamma-acid, G-cusbo, R-cusbo, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid iwm. Waxyaabaha dhexdhexaadka ah ee Anthraquinone waxaa ka mid ah: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, iwm. Anthraquinone, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, iwm.

5
Noocyada ugu waaweyn ee heterocyclic iyo kuwa cufan-wareegsan

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, iwm.