Dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha: Dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha midabaynta (midabka) waa laan aad muhiim u ah warshadaha kiimikada ee wanaagsan. Horumarinta dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha taageera. Wax soo saarka Shiinaha ee dhexdhexaadinta dheeha iyo midabaynta ayaa si aad ah loo horumariyay ilaa 1950-yadii. Dhowrkii sano ee la soo dhaafay, wax soo saarka dhex dhexaadinta dheeha iyo midabka ayaa noqday mid aad u kacsan, waxaana jiray hal-abuurnimo tignoolajiyada wax soo saarka. Waxaan horumarro ka sameynay meelo dhowr ah, sida cilmi-baaris, adeegyo cusub oo noocyo hore ah iyo ilaalinta deegaanka, waxaanan qaadannay hannaan nadiif ah oo soo saarista dheeha iyo midabada dhexdhexaadka ah. .

1
Horumarinta isticmaalka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha

Dhab ahaantii, isticmaalka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waa horumar dhinacyo badan leh, nooc ka mid ah dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha loo isticmaalo dheeha ee loo yaqaan 'dye intermediates', oo loo isticmaalo sunta cayayaanka, daawooyinka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Waxa kale oo loo yaqaan sunta cayayaanka, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha dawooyinka. Waa in loo tixgeliyo sidii laan ka mid ah warshadaha kiimikada ee guud ahaan, waa in aan si adag loo qaybin dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha dheeha, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha cayayaanka, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha cayayaanka, dhexdhexaadinta cayayaanka, dhexdhexaadinta cayayaanka . Dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha, kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah ee cayayaanka, kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah, kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah, kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah, kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah, kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah, kuwaas oo yareyn doona isticmaalka kala duwan ee dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha qaarkood waxayna saameynayaan horumarkooda.

Cilmi-baarista dhexdhexaadinta kiimikada Fine waxaa lagu gartaa kala duwanaansho kala duwan, marka laga reebo dhowr nooc oo miisaan wax soo saar ah ayaa si gaar ah u weyn, noocyada ugu badan ee tonnage ma aha mid aad u weyn, laakiin habka diyaarinta inta badan waa mid aad u adag, oo ku lug leh falcelin unugyo badan iyo kala-soocid, iyo soo saarista xaddi badan oo ah "saddexda qashinka" waxay u baahan yihiin in si habboon loo maareeyo. Sidaa darteed, waa in aan ku lug yeelanno cilmi-baarista habka sheyga taxane ah, urur macquul ah oo dhexdhexaad ah si loo helo waxtarka wax-soo-saarka miisaanka wanaagsan.

Laga soo bilaabo xaaladda dibadda, cilmi-baarista iyo soo-saarka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waxay u muuqdaan inay si habboon u ururinayaan si loo gaaro wax soo saar taxane ah. dhowr ilaa dhowr iyo toban nooc oo dhexdhexaad ah, cilmi-baarista iyo wax-soo-saarka noocan oo kale ah ayaa sahlan in la hirgeliyo iyada oo loo marayo horumarinta guud iyo qaadashada tignoolajiyada cusub. Waxaan heli doonaa laba jeer natiijada dadaalka kala bar. Waxaan tixraaci karnaa xaaladda Japan, halkaas oo wax soo saarka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha ay ahaan jireen kuwo aad loo baahin jiray, laga soo bilaabo 1960-kii. Waxa la hagaajiyay oo la ururiyey toddoba jeer.

Iyada oo loo marayo isbeddelka iyo horumarinta, dheeha Shiinaha ee dhexdhexaadinta midabka iyo midabka ayaa gaadhay heer sare marka loo eego cabbirka wax soo saarka, tignoolajiyada iyo heerka qalabka, taas oo aan dabooli karin oo kaliya baahida dheeha gudaha iyo horumarinta warshadaha midabka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay bixiyaan wax soo saar tayo sare leh oo dhexdhexaad ah. wadamada shisheeye.

Alaabooyinka ceeriin ee looga baahan yahay isku dhafka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waxaa inta badan laga helaa wax soo saarka batroolka iyo warshadaha kiimikada, kuwaas oo intooda badan ah benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, iyo naphthalene. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, midabada dabiiciga ah ee laga diyaariyey dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha heterocyclic ayaa kor u kacay. Intaa waxaa dheer, phenanthrene, pyridine, fluorene oksijiin, quinoline, indole, carbazole, xeryahooda taxanaha biphenyl, kuwaas oo cayriin adag codsatay in ay soo saaridda dheeha. Isticmaalka alaabta ceeriin ee synthetic waxay noqon doontaa mid baahsan oo caan ah.

2
Falcelinta kiimikaad ee ugu caansan ee loo isticmaalo dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha

Dareen-celinta kiimikaad ee ugu caansan ee loo isticmaalo in lagu farsameeyo alaabta ceeriin ee dhexdhexaadka ah warshadaha midabaynta (midabka) waa sida soo socota.

(1) Falcelinta sulfonation
(2) Dareen-celinta Nitrification
(3) Falcelinta halogenation
(4) Dareen-celinta dhimista si loo diyaariyo amino
(5) Dareen-celinta diazotization (badanaa waxaa weheliya falcelinta isku-xidhka)
(6) Beddelka kooxaha sulfonic acid oo loo beddelo kooxaha hydroxyl iyadoo la adeegsanayo falcelinta alkali-dhalashada
(7) Dareen-celinta acetylation
(8) Dareen-celinta oksaydhisku
(9) Dareen-celinta uumiga iyo kaarboonka
(10) falcelinta udgoonka (badanaa amino)
(11) Dareen-celinta is-beddelka ee hydroxyl iyo kooxaha amino
(12) Hydroxylation of hydroxyl ama kooxaha amino

Marka loo eego qaab dhismeedka giraanta udgoonka ee dhexdhexaadinta kiimikada wanaagsan, waxaa loo kala saari karaa aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic iyo cufan. Nidaamka giraanta. Dalkeenu wuxuu soo saari karaa in ka badan 400 oo nooc oo benzene ah, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic iyo dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha kale ee midabaynta iyo midabaynta, kuwaas oo asal ahaan buuxin kara shuruudaha horumarinta midabka iyo warshadaha midabka.

3
Noocyada waaweyn ee nidaamka benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine , N, N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m- toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide. 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide. aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide. 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5 -trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline. , 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2 ,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4 ,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, iwm.

4
Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha naphthalene

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-asiidh, 2,6-asiidh, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. J-acid, peri-acid, gamma-acid, G-milix, R-cusbo, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene , 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid iyo wixii la mid ah. Dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha Anthraquinone waxaa ka mid ah: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, iwm. ,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, iwm.

5
Noocyada waaweyn ee heterocyclic iyo cufan-wareegga

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethyl3rido -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, iwm.