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Hi , kani waa maamulaha athena oo ka socda warshadaha mit-ivy ee kiimikooyinka Shiinaha.

Hordhac
Midabaynta (midabka) dhexdhexaadinta waa laan aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah warshadaha kiimikada ee wanaagsan, iyo horumarka degdega ah ee warshadaha dheeha (midabka) waxay ku xiran tahay horumarinta dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha la socda.

Wax soo saarka midabaynta iyo dhex dhexaadinta midabka ee Shiinaha ayaa si weyn loo horumariyay tan iyo 1950-meeyadii, iyada oo tartanka ba'an ee sii kordhaya ee suuqa, midabaynta iyo midabaynta midabaynta ayaa ahaa hal-abuurnimo tignoolajiyada wax soo saarka; Horumarka horumarinta noocyo cusub, habka wax-soo-saarka oo la wanaajiyey, cilmi-baaris ku saabsan hababka cusub, isticmaalka cusub ee noocyada hore, ilaalinta deegaanka, iwm.

Marka hore, horumarinta isticmaalka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha
Sawir

Dhab ahaantii, horumarinta isticmaalka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha ayaa ah mid dhinacyo badan leh, dhexdhexaadiye gaar ah oo loo isticmaalo dheeha loo yaqaan dheeha dhexdhexaadinta, waxaana loo isticmaalaa sunta cayayaanka, daawooyinka iyo loo yaqaan cayayaanka, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha farmashiyaha. Dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waa in loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin laan ka mid ah warshadaha kiimikada ee guud ahaan, waa in aan si adag loo qaybin dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha dheeha, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha sunta cayayaanka, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha farmashiyaha ee warshadaha, taas oo yareyn doonta baaxadda isticmaalka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha qaarkood waxayna saameyneysaa horumarkeeda.

Cilmi-baadhisyo dhexdhexaad ah oo kiimiko ah ayaa lagu gartaa noocyo kala duwan oo kala duwan, marka lagu daro dhowr nooc oo miisaan wax-soo-saar ah ayaa si gaar ah u weyn, noocyada ugu badan ee tonnage maaha kuwo aad u weyn, laakiin habka diyaarinta inta badan waa mid adag, oo ku lug leh falcelin unugyo badan iyo habka kala-soocidda. , wax soo saarku waxa kale oo uu dhaliyay tiro aad u badan oo ah "saddex qashin" oo u baahan in si habboon loo maareeyo. Sidaa darteed, waa in aan ku hawlannaa cilmi-baarista geeddi-socodka badeecooyinka taxanaha ah oo aan abaabulno soo-saarka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha si macquul ah si aan u helno faa'iidooyin miisaan wanaagsan.

Laga soo bilaabo xaaladda dalalka shisheeye, cilmi-baarista iyo wax-soo-saarka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha u muuqdaan in ay si habboon u ururin si loo gaaro wax soo saarka taxane ah, set oo ah qalabka wax soo saarka soo saari karaa dhowr ilaa dhowr iyo toban nooc oo dhexdhexaad ah, sida cilmi-baarista iyo wax-soo-saarka iyada oo loo marayo horumarinta guud, isticmaalka Tiknoolajiyada cusubi way fududahay in la fuliyo, waxay gaari doontaa natiijada laba jeer iyada oo kala badh dadaalka. Xaaladda Japan waxay noqon kartaa tixraacayada, wax soo saarka asalka ah ee dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha ee Japan ayaa sidoo kale aad u kala firdhiyey, laga soo bilaabo 1960-yadii waxay ahayd toddoba jeer si loo hagaajiyo, diiradda.

Iyada oo loo marayo isbeddelka iyo horumarinta, midabaynta Shiinaha ee dhexdhexaadinta midabka iyo midabaynta ayaa gaadhay heer sare marka loo eego cabbirka wax soo saarka, tignoolajiyada iyo heerka qalabka, taas oo aan dabooli karin oo keliya baahida horumarinta dheeha gudaha iyo warshadaha midabka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay bixiyaan dhexdhexaadin tayo leh oo dheeraad ah. wadamada shisheeye.

Alaabta ceeriin ee looga baahan yahay isku dhafka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waxaa inta badan laga helaa alaabada batroolka iyo warshadaha kiimikada, kuwaas oo intooda badan ay yihiin benzene, naphthalene, xeryahooda anthraquinone, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah xeryahooda heterocyclic, iyo midabada organic ee lagu diyaariyey xeryahooda heterocyclic dhexdhexaad ah kor u kaca sannadihii u dambeeyay. Intaa waxaa dheer, phenanthrene, pyridine, fluorene oksijiin, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl taxane ah xeryahooda, kuwaas oo alaabta ceeriin adag codsatay in ay soo saarka ee dheeh, ka dibna isticmaalka alaabta ceeriin synthetic noqon doonaa mid aad u ballaaran oo caalami ah.

Marka labaad, falcelinta kiimikaad ee inta badan la isticmaalo ee dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha
Sawir

Walxaha ceeriin waxa loo farsamayn doonaa dheeha (midabka) dhex dhexaadinta warshadaha inta badan la isticmaalo falcelinta kiimikada waa sidan soo socota.

(1) falcelinta sulfonation
(2) Falcelinta nitration
(3) falcelinta halogenation
(4) Dareen-celinta dhimista si loo diyaariyo amino
(5) Dareen-celinta Diazotization (badanaa waxaa weheliya falcelinta isku-xidhka)
(6) Dareen-celinta isku-dhafka alkali si loogu beddelo kooxda sulfonic acid hydroxyl
(7) falcelinta Acylation
(8) Falcelinta Oxidation-ka
(9) falcelinta uumiga iyo karbonation
(10) falcelinta udgoonka (badanaa amino)
(11) falcelinta beddelka wadajirka ah ee hydroxyl iyo kooxaha amino
(12) falcelinta hydroxyl ama amino hydrocarbonation

Marka loo eego qaab dhismeedka giraanta udgoonka ugu weyn ee dhexdhexaadinta kiimikada wanaagsan, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waxaa loo qaybin karaa nidaamka aliphatic, nidaamka benzene, nidaamka naphthalene, nidaamka anthraquinone, nidaamka heterocyclic iyo nidaamka giraanta qaro weyn. Dalkeenu wuxuu soo saari karaa benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, nidaamka heterocyclic, sida dheehidda, midabka dhexdhexaadka ah in ka badan 400 nooc, asal ahaan si loo daboolo dheeha, baahida horumarinta warshadaha midabka.

Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka benzene waa.

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N- ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o-, p-aminoanisole, DSD, iwm. N-methyl-m- toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxy aniline, 2-4-dimethyl aniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4 -methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- iyo para-esters, iwm.

Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha naphthalene waa.

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-asiidh, 2,6-asiidh, tartaric acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4-asiidh oxygenate, J-acid, peri-acid, γ- Acid, G-milix, R-cusbo, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R- Acid, iwm. Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha anthraquinone waa: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzooneyl anthraquinone. 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, iwm.

Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka heterocyclic iyo nidaamka giraanta qaro weyn waa.

Melamine, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-amino thiazole, dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N- ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride,! tetracarboxylic anhydride, iwm.