Xaaladda hadda jirta: warshadaha dawooyinka ayaa inta badan diiradda saaraya isku-darka kiimikada ee dawooyinka, dawooyinka dawooyinka noolaha iyo dawooyinka dawooyinka dhaqameed ee Shiinaha, wax-soo-saarkuna waxa uu leeyahay astaamo kala duwan oo badeecado ah, geeddi-socod adag iyo miisaan-soo-saar kala duwan.
Biyaha wasakhda ah ee ay soo saaraan habka dawooyinku waxay leeyihiin sifooyinka feejignaanta wasakhaysan ee sarreeya, qaybo kakan, bayoolaji-xumada iyo sunta bayoolojiga sare.
Isku-dubarid kiimikaad iyo halsano-soo-saarka dawada biyaha wasakhda ah ayaa ah dhibka iyo barta muhiimka ah ee xakamaynta wasakheynta warshadaha dawooyinka.
Biyaha wasakhda ah ee kiimikada ah waa wasakh weyn oo la sii daayo inta lagu jiro wax soo saarka daawada [2].
Biyaha wasakhda ah ee dawooyinka ayaa qiyaas ahaan loo qaybin karaa afar qaybood [3], ie dareeraha wasakhda iyo dareeraha hooyada ee habka wax soo saarka;
Dareeraha haraaga ah ee soo kabashada waxaa ka mid ah dareere, dareere shardi ah, badeecooyin, iwm.
Dheecaannada habka caawinta sida biyaha qaboojinta, iwm.
Qalabka iyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee dhulka lagu dhaqo;
bulaacadaha gudaha.
Farsamada daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee dawooyinka
Marka la eego sifooyinka biyaha wasakhda ah ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee dawooyinka sida COD sare, nitrogen sare, fosfooraska sarreeya, milix badan, chroma qoto dheer, halabuurka adag iyo biodegradability liidata, hababka daaweynta ee sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah daaweynta physicochemical iyo habka daaweynta biochemical [6].
Marka loo eego noocyada kala duwan ee tayada biyaha wasakhda ah, habab taxane ah sida isku darka habka physicochemical iyo habka bayoolojiga ayaa sidoo kale lagu dabaqi doonaa [7].
Sawirka
1. Farsamada daawaynta jidhka iyo kiimikaad
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, hababka ugu muhiimsan ee daaweynta jirka iyo kiimikada ee wax soo saarka biyaha wasakhda daawada waxaa ka mid ah: Habka sabbeynta gaaska, habka sedimentation xinjirowga, habka adsorption, habka osmosis roga, habka gubi iyo habka oksaydhka sare [8].
Intaa waxaa dheer, korantada iyo hababka roobka kiimikaad, sida FE-C micro-electrolysis iyo hababka roobabka MAP ee nitrogen iyo fosfooraska ka saarista, ayaa sidoo kale caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee dawooyinka.
1.1 Habka xinjirowga iyo suuxdinta
Geedi socodka xinjiruhu waa hab ay qaybihii laalay iyo qaybihii kolloidalka ee biyaha ku jiray ay isu beddelaan xaalad aan degganayn iyadoo lagu darayo walxaha kiimikaad ka dibna la isugu geeyaa qolof ama qolof si fudud loo kala saari karo.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, tignoolajiyadan waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa ka-hortagga, daaweynta dhexdhexaadka ah iyo daaweynta sare ee biyaha wasakhda daawada [10].
Tiknoolajiyada xinjirowga iyo xinjirowga ayaa leh faa'iidooyinka tignoolajiyada qaan-gaarka ah, qalabka fudud, hawlgalka xasilloon iyo dayactirka habboon.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jiri doona xaddi badan oo dhoobo kiimiko ah oo la soo saari doono habka loo isticmaalo farsamadan, taas oo u horseedi doonta pH hoose ee dareeraha iyo milix aad u sarreeya oo biyaha wasakh ah.
Intaa waxaa dheer, xinjirowga iyo tignoolajiyada wasakhaynta si wax ku ool ah ugama saari karaan wasakhaha milmay ee biyaha wasakhda ah, mana si buuxda uga saari karaan sunta iyo sunta sunta ah ee wasakhaysan ee biyaha wasakhda ah.
1.2 Habka roobka kiimikaad
Habka roobka kiimikadu waa hab kiimiko oo wasakhda biyaha wasakhda ah lagaga saaro fal-celinta kiimikaad ee u dhaxaysa walxaha kiimikaad ee milmay iyo wasakhowga biyaha wasakhda ah si ay u sameeyaan cusbo aan milmi karin, hydroxides ama isku dhisyo isku dhafan.
Biyaha wasakhda ah ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee dawooyinka waxay inta badan ku jiraan xoojinta sare ee nitrogen ammonia, phosphate iyo sulfate ions, iwm. Biyaha wasakhda ah ee noocan oo kale ah, habka roobka kiimikaad ayaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa daaweynta jireed iyo kiimiko si loo hubiyo hawlgalka caadiga ah ee habka daaweynta biochemical ee xiga.
Sida farsamada daaweynta biyaha ee dhaqameed, roobab kiimikaad ah ayaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu jilciyo biyaha wasakhda ah.
Sababtoo ah isticmaalka alaabta ceeriin ee nadiifka ah ee sare ee kiimikada ee habka soo saarista biyaha wasakhda dhexdhexaadka ah ee dawooyinka, biyaha wasakhda ahi waxay inta badan ka kooban yihiin xoojinta sare ee nitrogen ammonia iyo fosfooraska iyo wasakhowga kale, iyadoo la adeegsanayo magnesium ammonium phosphate habka roobka kiimikada ayaa si wax ku ool ah uga saari kara labada wasakh ee isku mid ah. Waqtiga, roobka milixda ammonium phosphate ee la soo saaray ayaa dib loo warshadayn karaa.
Habka roobka kiimikaad ee ammonium fosfateet Magnesium waxa kale oo loo yaqaan habka struvite.
Habka wax soo saarka ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee dawooyinka, qadar badan oo sulfuric acid ah ayaa inta badan loo adeegsadaa aqoon-is-weydaarsiyada qaarkood, pH ee qaybtan biyaha wasakhda ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay hooseyso. Si loo hagaajiyo qiimaha pH ee biyaha wasakhda ah isla markaana isla mar ahaantaana laga saaro qaar ka mid ah ions sulfate, habka lagu daro CaO ayaa badanaa la isticmaalaa, kaas oo loo yaqaan habka roobka kiimikada ee desulfurization degdeg ah.
1.3 adsorption
Mabda'a ka saarista wasakhaha biyaha wasakhda ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka adsorption waxaa loola jeedaa isticmaalka walxaha adag ee daloola si loogu dhajiyo qaar ama noocyo kala duwan oo wasakh ah oo ku jira biyaha wasakhda ah, si wasakhda biyaha wasakhda ah looga saaro ama dib loo warshadeeyo.
Xayeysiisyada sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah dambaska duqsiga, slag, kaarboon firfircoon iyo resin adsorption, oo ay ka mid yihiin kaarboonka firfircoon ee inta badan la isticmaalo.
1.4 sabbaynaya hawada
Habka sabbeynta hawadu waa hab lagu daweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah kaas oo goobooyin yaryar oo aad u kala firdhiyey loo isticmaalo sidayaal si ay u soo saaraan ku dheggan wasakhowga biyaha wasakhda ah. Sababtoo ah cufnaanta xumbo yaryar ee ku dheggan wasakhowga ayaa ka yar kan biyaha oo sabeynaya, kala saarista dareeraha adag ama dareeraha dareeraha ah ayaa la xaqiiqsaday.
Foomamka sabaynta hawadu waxa ka mid ah sabbaynta hawada oo milmay, sabbaynta hawada hawada hawoday, sabbaynta hawada electrolysis iyo sabaynta hawada kiimikada, iwm.
Habka sabbeynta hawada ayaa leh faa'iidooyinka maalgashiga hooseeya, habka fudud, dayactirka habboon iyo isticmaalka tamarta yar, laakiin si wax ku ool ah kama saari karo wasakhowga kala diri ee biyaha wasakhda ah.
1.5 electrolysis
Habka Electrolytic waa isticmaalka doorka la yaab leh ee hadda jira, soo saaro taxane falcelin kiimikaad ah, beddela wasakhowga waxyeelada leh ee biyaha wasakhda ah oo laga saaray, mabda'a falcelinta ee habka korantada ayaa ku dhacay xalka elektrolytka iyada oo loo marayo walxaha korantada iyo falcelinta electrode-ka, soo saarta deegaanka cusub ee deegaanka. Ogsajiinta deegaanka iyo hydrogen [H] iyo wasakhowga biyaha wasakhda ah ee falcelinta REDOX waxay ka dhigtaa ka saarida wasakhda.
Habka korantada ayaa leh waxtar sare iyo qalliin fudud oo lagu daaweynayo biyaha wasakhda ah. Isla mar ahaantaana, habka korantada ayaa si wax ku ool ah uga saari kara walxaha midabka leh ee ku jira biyaha wasakhda ah waxayna si wax ku ool ah u wanaajin kartaa biodegradability ee biyaha wasakhda ah.
Sawirka
2. Farsamada oksaydhka sare
Farsamada oksaydhka ee horumarsan, sida tignoolajiyada daaweynta biyaha ee cusub, waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin badan, sida waxtarka sare ee nabaad-guurka wasakhowga, nabaad-guurka iyo oxidation ee wasakhowga oo aan lahayn wasakh sare.
Farsamada oksaydhka sare, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano tignoolajiyada oksaydhaynta qoto dheer, waa tignoolajiyada daawaynta jidhka iyo kiimikaad ee adeegsata oksaydhiyaha, iftiinka, korontada, codka, magnetka iyo kicinta si ay u abuurto xag-jiryo xor ah oo aad u firfircoon (sida ·OH) si ay u hoos u dhigto wasakhowga dabiiciga ah ee refractory.
Dhinaca daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee dawooyinka, tignoolajiyada horumarsan ee oksaydheynta ayaa noqotay diiradda cilmi baaris iyo fiiro gaar ah.
Tignoolajiyada oksaydhka horumarsan inta badan waxa ka mid ah oksaydhaynta kiimikaad kiimikaad, oxidation kiimikaad, oxidation ultrasonic, oksaydhka qoyan ee qoyan, oxidation photocatalytic, oxidation catalytic composite, oksaydhka biyaha supercritical iyo tignoolajiyada la isku daray ee oksaydhka sare.
Habka oksaydhka kiimikada waa in la isticmaalo walxaha kiimikaad laftooda ama xaalado gaar ah oo leh oksaydhyo xoog leh si ay u oksijiyeen wasakhowga organic ee biyaha wasakhda ah si loo gaaro ujeedada ka saarida wasakhowga, hababka oksaydhka kiimikada oo ay ku jiraan oxidation ozone, Habka oksaydhka Fenton iyo habka oksaydhka qoyan ee qoyan.
2.1 Habka oksaydhka Fenton
Habka oksaydhka ee Fenton waa nooc ka mid ah habka oksaydhka sare ee si weyn loo isticmaalo hadda. Habkani wuxuu isticmaalaa cusbo ferric (Fe2+ ama Fe3+) si uu u soo saaro ·OH oo leh oksaydhyo xooggan oo hoos yimaada xaaladda H2O2, kaas oo yeelan kara falcelinta oksaydhka ee wasakhowga organic iyada oo aan la dooran si loo gaaro hoos u dhaca iyo macdanta wasakhowga.
Habkani wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin badan, oo ay ku jiraan xawaaraha falcelinta degdega ah, ma laha wasakhda labaad iyo oksaydheynta xooggan, iwm. Habka oxidation Fenton waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee dawooyinka sababtoo ah falcelinta oksaydhka ee aan xulashada ahayn ee habka oksijiinta kiimikada iyo habka ayaa yarayn kara sunta biyaha wasakhda ah iyo sifooyinka kale.
2.2 Habka oksidaynta korantada
Habka oxidation Electrochemical waa in la isticmaalo walxaha elektiroonigga ah si loo soo saaro xagjirka xorta ah ee superoxide ·O2 iyo hydroxyl free radical ·OH, labaduba waxay leeyihiin firfircoonida oksaydheynta sare, waxay ku oksijiyeen walxaha dabiiciga ah ee biyaha wasakhda ah, ka dibna waxay gaari karaan ujeedada ka saarida wasakhowga.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habkani wuxuu leeyahay sifooyinka isticmaalka tamarta sare iyo qiimaha sarreeya.
2.3 oxidation Photocatalytic
oxidation Photocatalytic waa tignoolajiyada daaweynta ee wax ku ool ah ee tignoolajiyada daaweynta biyaha, taas oo u adeegsata agabka kicinta (sida TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, iwm.) sida sideyaal kicinta si ay u fuliyaan oxidation katalytic ee inta badan wasakhowga yareeya ee biyaha wasakhda ah, si si loo gaaro ujeedada ka saarida wasakhowga.
Sababtoo ah inta badan xeryahooda ku jira biyaha wasakhda ah ee dawooyinka ayaa ah walxaha polar ee leh kooxaha acidic ama walxaha polar ee leh kooxaha alkaline, walxahan oo kale waxay si toos ah ama si dadban u hoos u dhigi karaan iftiinka.
2.4 oksaydhaynta biyaha sare
Oksidhinta biyaha sare (SCWO) waa nooc ka mid ah tignoolajiyada daaweynta biyaha kaas oo u qaada biyaha sida dhexdhexaadka ah oo isticmaala sifooyinka gaarka ah ee biyaha ee gobolka supercritical si loo wanaajiyo heerka falcelinta iyo xaqiijinta oksaydhka dhamaystiran ee walxaha organic.
2.5 Tignoolajiyada la isku daray ee oksaydhka sare
Tignoolajiyad kasta oo horumarsan ayaa isticmaala xaddidaadyo u gaar ah, si loo hagaajiyo waxtarka daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah, tignoolajiyada cusub ee oksaydhka ayaa la isku daray, oo la sameeyay isku darka tignoolajiyada oksaydhka sare, ama hal tignoolajiyad horumarsan oo ay weheliso teknoolojiyad kale oo cusub tignoolajiyada si loo hagaajiyo awoodda oksaydhka iyo saamaynta daaweynta iyo in la daboolo isbeddelada tayada biyaha ee daaweynta biyaha wasakhda daawada fasalka weyn.
UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, ultrasonic photocatalysis, photocatalysis kaarboon firfircoon, mikrowave photocatalysis iyo photocatalysis, iwm. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, tignoolajiyada isku dhafka ozone ee ugu ballaaran ee la bartay waa [36]:
Ozone fir-fircoon habka kaarboonka, O3-H2O2 iyo UV-O3, laga bilaabo saamaynta daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah iyo codsiga injineernimada, O3-H2O2 iyo UV-O3 waxay leeyihiin awood horumarineed oo weyn.
Habka isku dhafka Fenton ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah micro-electrolysis Fenton, habka H2O2 ee birta, habka fenton photochemical (sida habka Fenton qorraxda, habka UV-Fenton, iwm.), laakiin habka Fenton ee korontada ayaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa.
Sawirka
3. Tiknoolajiyada daawaynta biochemical
Tiknoolajiyada daaweynta biochemical waa tignoolajiyada ugu weyn ee daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah, iyada oo loo marayo korriinka microbial, dheef-shiid kiimikaadka, taranka iyo hababka kale si ay u jajabiyaan walxaha organic ee biyaha wasakhda ah, helaan tamar ay u baahan yihiin oo ay gaaraan ujeedada ka saarista walxaha organic.
3.1 Farsamada daawaynta noolaha anaerobic
Tiknoolajiyada daaweynta noolaha anaerobic waa maqnaanshaha deegaanka oksijiinta kelli, isticmaalka dheef-shiid kiimikaadka bakteeriyada anaerobic, iyada oo loo marayo habka acidification hydrolytic, soosaarka hydrogen acetic acid iyo wax soo saarka methane iyo hababka kale si loogu beddelo macromolecules, way adagtahay in la yareeyo walxaha organic galay CH4, CO2 , H2O iyo walxo yar oo molecular organic.
Biyaha wasakhda ah ee dawooyinka synthetic waxay inta badan ka kooban yihiin tiro badan oo ah walxaha dabiiciga ah ee wareegga wareegga ah, kuwaas oo aan si toos ah loo dumin karin oo aan isticmaali karin bakteeriyada aerobic, markaa tignoolajiyada daaweynta anaerobic ee hadda jirta ayaa noqotay habka ugu muhiimsan ee daaweynta biyaha wasakhda daawada ee guriga iyo dibadda [43] .
Tiknoolajiyada daawaynta bayoolojiga anaerobic waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin badan: Nidaamka hawlgalka reactor anaerobic uma baahna inuu bixiyo hawada, isticmaalka tamarta ayaa yar;
Culayska dabiiciga ah ee biyaha saamaynta ku leh anaerobic guud ahaan waa sarreeyaa.
Shuruudaha nafaqo ee hooseeya;
Soosaarka dhoobada ee reactor anaerobic waa yar yahay, iyo dhoobada waa sahlan tahay in fuuqbaxa.
Methane laga soo saaro habka anaerobic waxaa dib loo warshadayn karaa tamar ahaan.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dheecaanka anaerobic laguma sii deyn karo ilaa heerka, waxayna u baahan tahay in la sii daaweeyo iyadoo la isku darayo habab kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tignoolajiyada daawaynta bayoolojiga anaerobic waxay xasaasi u tahay qiimaha pH, heerkulka iyo arrimo kale. Haddii isbeddelku weyn yahay, falcelinta anaerobic ayaa si toos ah u saameyn doonta, ka dibna tayada dareeraha ayaa saameyn doonta.
3.2 Farsamada daawaynta noolaha hawada
Tignoolajiyada daawaynta bayoolojiga aerobic waa tignoolajiyada daawaynta noolaha oo adeegsata kala-baxa oksaydhka iyo isku-dhafka bakteeriyada aerobic si ay meesha uga saarto walxaha dabiiciga ah ee xumaaday. Inta lagu jiro koritaanka iyo dheef-shiid kiimikaadka noolaha aerobic, tiro badan oo taran ah ayaa la sameyn doonaa, taas oo dhalin doonta dhoobo cusub oo firfircoon. Xaabada dhaq-dhaqaaqa dheeraadka ah waxaa lagu sii dayn doonaa qaab dhoobo hadhaa ah, biyaha wasakhda ahna waa la nadiifin doonaa isku mar.
Alaabta | CAS |
N,N-Dimethyl-p-toluidine DMPT | 99-97-8 |
N,N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine DMOT | 609-72-3 |
2,3-Dichlorobenzaldehyde | 6334-18-5 |
2′,4′-Dichloroacetophenone | 2234-16-4 |
2,4-Dichlorobenzyl khamriga | 1777-82-8 |
3,4′-Dichlorodiphenyl ether | 6842-62-2 |
2-chloro-4- (4-chlorophenoxy) acetophenone | 119851-28-4 |
2,4-dichlorotoluene | 95-73-8 |
o-Phenylenediamine | 95-54-5 |
o-Toluidine OT | 95-53-4 |
3-Methyl-N,N-diethyl aniline | 91-67-8 |
N,N-Diethyl aniline | 91-66-7 |
N-Ethylaniline | 103-69-5 |
N-Ethyl-o-toluidine | 94-68-8 |
N, N-Dimethylaniline DMA | 121-69-7 |
2-Naftal Beta naphthol | 135-19-3 |
Auramine O | 2465-27-2 |
Crystal violet lactone CVL | 1552-42-7 |
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