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Salaan, kani waa madaxa shirkadda Athena oo ka tirsan warshadaha MIT-Ivy ee kiimikada Shiinaha.
Dhexdhexaadinta: Dhexdhexaadinta midabaynta waa laan aad muhiim u ah warshadaha kiimikada ee fiican, horumarka degdegga ah ee warshadaha midabayntana wuxuu ku xiran yahay horumarinta dhexdhexaadinta la socota.
Soo saarista midabaynta iyo dhexdhexaadinta midabka ee Shiinaha ayaa si weyn loo horumariyay tan iyo 1950-meeyadii. Iyadoo tartanka sii kordhaya ee suuqa ka jira, midabaynta iyo dhexdhexaadinta midabka ayaa lagu soo kordhiyay tiknoolajiyada wax soo saarka; waxay sameeyeen horumarro dhinacyo badan ah sida horumarinta noocyo cusub, hagaajinta habka wax soo saarka, cilmi-baarista hababka cusub, isticmaalka cusub ee noocyada hore, ilaalinta deegaanka, iwm., iyo qaadashada tiknoolajiyad nadiif ah oo loogu talagalay soo saarista midabaynta iyo dhexdhexaadinta midabka.
1
Horumarinta isticmaalka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha

Xaqiiqdii, isticmaalka horumarinta dhexdhexaadinta waa mid dhinacyo badan leh, dhexdhexaad gaar ah oo loo isticmaalo midabaynta oo loo yaqaan dhexdhexaadinta midabaynta, waxaana loo isticmaalaa sunta cayayaanka, daawooyinka iyo kuwa loo yaqaan sunta cayayaanka, dhexdhexaadinta dawooyinka. Dhexdhexaadinta waa in loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay laan ka mid ah warshadaha kiimikada ee fiican guud ahaan, waa in aan si adag loogu qaybin dhexdhexaadinta midabaynta, dhexdhexaadinta cayayaanka, dhexdhexaadinta daawooyinka iyadoo loo eegayo warshadaha, taas oo yarayn doonta baaxadda isticmaalka dhexdhexaadinta qaar oo saameyn doonta horumarkooda.

Cilmi-baarista dhexdhexaadinta kiimikada ee fiican waxaa lagu gartaa noocyo badan oo kala duwan, marka lagu daro dhowr nooc oo baaxadda wax soo saarka ah ayaa si gaar ah u weyn, noocyada badan ee tonnage-ka ma aha kuwo aad u weyn, laakiin habka diyaarinta badanaa waa mid adag, oo ku lug leh falcelin badan oo unugyo ah iyo habka kala-soocidda, wax soo saarku wuxuu sidoo kale soo saaray tiro badan oo "saddex qashin" ah oo loo baahan yahay in si habboon loo maareeyo. Sidaa darteed, waa inaan ku lug yeelannaa cilmi-baarista habka ee alaabada taxanaha ah oo aan si macquul ah u abaabulnaa wax soo saarka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha si loo helo faa'iidooyin miisaan wanaagsan.

Xaaladda dalalka shisheeye, cilmi-baarista iyo soo saarista dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waxay u muuqdaan inay si habboon u urursan yihiin si loo gaaro wax soo saar taxane ah, qalab wax soo saar ah ayaa soo saari kara dhowr ilaa darsin noocyo dhexdhexaad ah, cilmi-baaris iyo wax soo saar noocaas ah iyada oo loo marayo horumarinta guud, isticmaalka tignoolajiyada cusub way fududahay in la hirgeliyo, waxay gaari doontaa labanlaab natiijada kala bar dadaalka. Xaaladda Japan waxay noqon kartaa tixraac annaga, wax soo saarka asalka ah ee dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha Japan sidoo kale aad ayuu u kala firirsan yahay, laga bilaabo 1960-meeyadii waxay ahayd toddoba jeer in la hagaajiyo, la diiradda saaro.

Iyada oo loo marayo isbeddel iyo horumar, warshadaha dhexdhexaadinta midabaynta iyo midabaynta ee Shiinaha waxay gaareen heer sare marka loo eego baaxadda wax soo saarka, tignoolajiyada iyo heerka qalabka, taas oo aan dabooli karin oo keliya baahiyaha horumarinta warshadaha midabaynta gudaha iyo midabaynta, laakiin sidoo kale waxay siin karaan dhexdhexaadin tayo sare leh wadamada shisheeye.

Alaabada ceeriin ee loo baahan yahay isku-darka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waxaa inta badan laga helaa wax soo saarka warshadaha kiimikada batroolka iyo kookaynta, kuwaas oo intooda badan ay yihiin benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah isku-dhafka heterocyclic, iyo midabyada dabiiciga ah ee lagu diyaariyey isku-dhafka heterocyclic ayaa sii kordhaya sannadihii ugu dambeeyay. Intaa waxaa dheer, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, taxanaha biphenyl ee isku-dhafka, walxahan ceeriin ee adag ayaa lagu dabaqay soo saarista midabyada, ka dibna isticmaalka walxaha ceeriin ee macmal ah ayaa noqon doona mid aad u baahsan oo caadi ah.
2
Falgallada kiimikada ee ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha

Habaynta walxaha ceeriin ee dhex-dhexaadka ah ee falcelinta kiimikada ee ugu badan ee la isticmaalo waa sidan soo socota.
(1) falgalka sulfonation
(2) Falcelinta Nitraytka
(3) falgalka halogenation-ka
(4) Falcelinta yaraynta ee diyaarinta amino-ka
(5) Falcelinta Diazotization (badanaa waxaa la socda falgal isku-xidhan)
(6) falgalka isku-dhafka alkali si loogu beddelo kooxda aashitada sulfonic una beddelo hydroxyl
(7) Falcelinta kicinta dhaqdhaqaaqa
(8) Falcelinta oksaydhaynta
(9) isku-darka iyo falgalka kaarboonaynta
(10) Falcelinta urta (badanaa amino)
(11) falgalka beddelka wadajirka ah ee kooxaha hydroxyl iyo amino
(12) falgalka hydroxyl ama amino hydrocarbonation
Sida ku cad qaab-dhismeedka giraanta udgoonka ugu weyn ee dhexdhexaadinta kiimikada wanaagsan, dhexdhexaadinta waxaa loo qaybin karaa nidaamka aliphatic, nidaamka benzene, nidaamka naphthalene, nidaamka anthraquinone, nidaamka heterocyclic iyo nidaamka giraanta qaro weyn. Dalkeenu wuxuu soo saari karaa in ka badan 400 oo nooc oo dhexdhexaad ah sida benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic iyo dhexdhexaadinta kale ee rinjiyeynta iyo midabka, kuwaas oo asal ahaan dabooli kara baahiyaha horumarinta ee warshadaha rinjiyeynta iyo midabka.
Sawir
3
Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka benzene

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxy-diethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o- iyo p-aminoanisole, DSD N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxyaniline, 2-4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- iyo para-esters, iwm.
4
Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee dhexdhexaadinta ku salaysan naphthalene

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, tartaric acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, J-acid, peri-acid, γ-acid, G-cusbo, R-cusbo, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, iwm. Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee dhexdhexaadinta ku salaysan anthraquinone waa: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, iwm.
5
Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee Heterocyclic iyo kuwa qaro weyn leh

Melamine, asiidh barbituric, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-amino thiazole, dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, tetracarboxylic anhydride, iwm.