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Hi , kani waa maamulaha athena oo ka socda warshadaha mit-ivy ee kiimikooyinka Shiinaha.
Dhexdhexaadinta: Dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha dyestuff waa laan aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah warshadaha kiimikada ee wanaagsan, horumarka degdega ah ee warshadaha dheeha waxay ku xiran tahay horumarinta dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha la socda.
Wax soo saarka dheeha iyo midabada dhexdhexaadka ah ee Shiinaha ayaa si weyn loo horumariyay tan iyo 1950-yadii. Iyada oo tartanka ba'an ee sii kordhaya ee suuqa, dheeha iyo midabada dhexdhexaadka ah ayaa lagu cusboonaysiiyay tignoolajiyada wax soo saarka; waxay sameeyeen horumaro dhinacyo badan leh sida horumarinta noocyo cusub, hagaajinta habka wax soo saarka, cilmi baarista hababka cusub, isticmaalka cusub ee noocyada hore, ilaalinta deegaanka, iwm, iyo qaadashada tignoolajiyada nadiifka ah ee soo saarista dheeha iyo midabada dhexdhexaadka ah.
1
Horumarinta isticmaalka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha

Dhab ahaantii, isticmaalka horumarinta dhexdhexaadka ah waa mid dhinacyo badan leh, dhexdhexaad ah oo dhexdhexaad ah oo loo isticmaalo dheeha loo yaqaan dheeha dhexdhexaadinta, waxaana loo isticmaalaa sunta cayayaanka, daawooyinka iyo loo yaqaan cayayaanka, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha farmashiyaha. Dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waa in loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin laan ka mid ah warshadaha kiimikada ee guud ahaan, waa in aan si adag loo qaybin dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha dheeha, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha sunta cayayaanka, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha dawooyinka ee warshadaha, taas oo yareyn doonta baaxadda isticmaalka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha qaarkood waxayna saameyneysaa horumarkooda.

Cilmi-baadhisyo dhexdhexaad ah oo kiimiko ah ayaa lagu gartaa noocyo kala duwan oo kala duwan, marka lagu daro dhowr nooc oo miisaan wax-soo-saar ah ayaa si gaar ah u weyn, noocyada ugu badan ee tonnage maaha kuwo aad u weyn, laakiin habka diyaarinta inta badan waa mid adag, oo ku lug leh falcelin unugyo badan iyo habka kala-soocidda. , wax soo saarku waxa kale oo uu dhaliyay tiro aad u badan oo ah "saddex qashin" oo u baahan in si habboon loo maareeyo. Sidaa darteed, waa in aan ku hawlannaa cilmi-baarista geeddi-socodka badeecooyinka taxanaha ah oo aan abaabulno soo-saarka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha si macquul ah si aan u helno faa'iidooyin miisaan wanaagsan.

Laga soo bilaabo xaaladda dalalka shisheeye, cilmi-baarista iyo wax-soo-saarka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha u muuqdaan in ay si habboon u ururin si loo gaaro wax soo saarka taxane ah, set oo ah qalabka wax soo saarka soo saari karaa dhowr ilaa dhowr iyo toban nooc oo dhexdhexaad ah, sida cilmi-baarista iyo wax-soo-saarka iyada oo loo marayo horumarinta guud, isticmaalka Tiknoolajiyada cusubi way fududahay in la fuliyo, waxay gaari doontaa natiijada laba jeer iyada oo kala badh dadaalka. Xaaladda Japan waxay noqon kartaa tixraacayada, wax soo saarka asalka ah ee dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha ee Japan ayaa sidoo kale aad u kala firdhiyey, laga soo bilaabo 1960-yadii waxay ahayd toddoba jeer si loo hagaajiyo, diiradda.

Iyada oo loo marayo isbeddelka iyo horumarinta, midabaynta Shiinaha ee dhexdhexaadinta midabka iyo midabaynta ayaa gaadhay heer sare marka loo eego cabbirka wax soo saarka, tignoolajiyada iyo heerka qalabka, taas oo aan dabooli karin oo keliya baahida horumarinta dheeha gudaha iyo warshadaha midabka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay bixiyaan dhexdhexaadin tayo leh oo dheeraad ah. wadamada shisheeye.

Alaabta ceeriin ee looga baahan yahay isku dhafka dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waxaa inta badan laga helaa alaabada batroolka iyo warshadaha kiimikada, kuwaas oo intooda badan ay yihiin benzene, naphthalene, xeryahooda anthraquinone, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah xeryahooda heterocyclic, iyo midabada organic ee lagu diyaariyey xeryahooda heterocyclic dhexdhexaad ah kor u kaca sannadihii u dambeeyay. Intaa waxaa dheer, phenanthrene, pyridine, oksijiin fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl taxane xeryahooda, kuwaas oo alaabta ceeriin adag codsatay soo saaridda ee dheeh, ka dibna isticmaalka alaabta ceeriin synthetic noqon doonaa mid aad u baahsan oo caadi ah.
2
Falcelinta kiimikaad ee ugu caansan ee loo isticmaalo dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha

Ka-habaynta alaabta ceeriin ee dhex-dhexaadinta dheeha (midabka) ee falcelinta kiimikaad ee inta badan la isticmaalo waa sida soo socota.
(1) falcelinta sulfonation
(2) Falcelinta nitration
(3) falcelinta halogenation
(4) Dareen-celinta dhimista si loo diyaariyo amino
(5) Dareen-celinta Diazotization (badanaa waxaa weheliya falcelinta isku-xidhka)
(6) Dareen-celinta isku-dhafka alkali si loogu beddelo kooxda sulfonic acid hydroxyl
(7) falcelinta Acylation
(8) Falcelinta Oxidation-ka
(9) falcelinta uumiga iyo karbonation
(10) falcelinta udgoonka (badanaa amino)
(11) falcelinta beddelka wadajirka ah ee hydroxyl iyo kooxaha amino
(12) falcelinta hydroxyl ama amino hydrocarbonation
Marka loo eego qaab dhismeedka giraanta udgoonka ugu weyn ee dhexdhexaadinta kiimikada wanaagsan, dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha waxaa loo qaybin karaa nidaamka aliphatic, nidaamka benzene, nidaamka naphthalene, nidaamka anthraquinone, nidaamka heterocyclic iyo nidaamka giraanta qaro weyn. Dalkeenu wuxuu soo saari karaa in ka badan 400 oo nooc oo dhexdhexaad ah sida benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic iyo kuwa kale ee midabaynta iyo midabaynta, kuwaas oo asal ahaan dabooli kara baahida horumarinta dheehista iyo warshadaha midabka.
Sawir
3
Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka benzene

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N- ethylaniline, m-hydroxy-diethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o- iyo p-aminoanisole, DSD N-methyl-m-toluidine. , N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine -methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, -ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxyaniline, 2-4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy -3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- iyo para-esters, iwm.
4
Naphthalene-ku-salaysan ayaa udhexeeya noocyada ugu muhiimsan

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-asiidh, 2,6-asiidh, tartaric acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4-asiidh oxygenate, J-acid, peri-acid, γ- Acid, G-milix, R-cusbo, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R- Acid, iwm. Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha ku salaysan anthraquinone waa: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, iwm.
5
Heterocyclic iyo noocyada waaweyn ee giraaniga qaro weyn

Melamine, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-amino thiazole, dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N- ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, tetracarboxylic anhydride, iwm.